The ultimate aim of this discussion paper is to help inform further policy action and potential solutions in order to reduce the health gap in Wales and beyond. It applies innovative analytical methodology (a Decomposition Analysis) to generate an insight into the drivers of health inequities in Wales, and identify those that contribute the most. The paper also explores the challenges, lessons learnt and opportunities arising when applying novel techniques to the Welsh context, contributing to Wales’ leading role as an influencer and a live innovation site at the forefront of the health equity agenda in Europe and globally.